中學(xué)英語(yǔ)教師資格證筆試高頻知識(shí)點(diǎn)解讀（一）

https://jiaoshi.huatu.com 2020-09-18 09:12 中國(guó)教師資格網(wǎng) [您的教師考試網(wǎng)]

3.英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言學(xué)常識(shí)：語(yǔ)言學(xué)常識(shí)是資格證考試的必考點(diǎn)，其題量為5-6題左右;涉及的的語(yǔ)言學(xué)分支范圍較廣，如語(yǔ)言學(xué)的基本概念(包括語(yǔ)言的本質(zhì)特征及其功能)、語(yǔ)音學(xué)(phonetics)、音系學(xué)(phonology)、形態(tài)學(xué)(morphology)、句法學(xué)(syntax)、語(yǔ)義學(xué)(semantics)、語(yǔ)用學(xué)(pragmatics)及一些語(yǔ)言學(xué)跨學(xué)科分支如社會(huì)語(yǔ)言學(xué)(socio-linguistics)心理語(yǔ)言學(xué) (psycho-linguistics)、應(yīng)用語(yǔ)言學(xué)(applied linguistics);同時(shí)考查的知識(shí)點(diǎn)細(xì)小、具體，往往讓對(duì)語(yǔ)言學(xué)知識(shí)知之甚少或者一知半解的考生感到措手不及。對(duì)此，筆者將近年來(lái)試題中出現(xiàn)的語(yǔ)言學(xué)知識(shí)必考知識(shí)點(diǎn)進(jìn)行羅列介紹。

①語(yǔ)言的本質(zhì)特征。它是指人類語(yǔ)言區(qū)別于其他動(dòng)物交流方式的本質(zhì)特征，包括任意性(arbitrary)、創(chuàng)造性(productive)、二重性(dual)、移位性(displacement)、文化傳遞性(cultural transmission);如下題

Juliet says in Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet: “What’s in a name? That which we call a rose by any other name would smell as sweet,” Her words pinpoint the fact that language is B .

A. recursive B. arbitrary C. culturally specific D. creative

該知識(shí)點(diǎn)難度較低，考查方式也較直接，考生只要理解其概念并加以識(shí)記其英文表達(dá)即可。

②語(yǔ)音學(xué)。語(yǔ)音學(xué)研究的對(duì)象是語(yǔ)言的聲音媒介，即人類語(yǔ)言中使用的全部語(yǔ)音。在資格證考試中是語(yǔ)言學(xué)的必考點(diǎn)，其考查的重點(diǎn)集中在輔音元音的分類及相應(yīng)描述、音節(jié)劃分、單詞重音和句子重音、音調(diào)。如

Which of the following sets of English sounds differs only in one distinctive feature? ___A__

A. /f, θ, s,∫/ B. /t, θ, z,∫/

C. /f, θ, z, ?/ D. /t, d, z, ?/

Which of the following correctly describes the English phoneme/θ/?___A___

A.A voiceless dental fricative B A voiceless alveolar fricative

C. A voiceless dental plosive D.A voiceless alveolar plosive.

Which of the following correctly describes the word stress?___C____

A. Origin, Original, Originality B. oRIgin, oRIginal, oRIginality

C. Origin, oRIginal, origiNAlity D. oRIgin, oRIginal, OrigiNAlity

Decide on the correct stress pattern of the answer to the question.

——Where did he go next?

—— D .

A. He turned to the left at the end of the street.

B. He turned to the left at the end of the street.

C. He turned to the left at the end of the street.

D. He turned to the left at the end of the street.

綜合近幾年的試題筆者發(fā)現(xiàn)輔音以及重音是高頻考點(diǎn)，在往后的考試中其重要性也不會(huì)削弱，因?yàn)樽鳛槲磥?lái)的英語(yǔ)老師需要教授學(xué)生正確的英語(yǔ)發(fā)音和重音位置，用地道的英語(yǔ)口語(yǔ)進(jìn)行表達(dá)。對(duì)此，特為大家梳理關(guān)于其相關(guān)知識(shí)點(diǎn)。

首先就輔音分類：(1).輔音可根據(jù)氣流產(chǎn)生聲音時(shí)聲帶震動(dòng)的情況，分為：清輔音(voiceless consonants：/p/ /t/ /k/ /f/ /θ/ /s/ /?/ /h/ /t?/ /ts/ /tr/)和濁輔音(voiced consonants: /b/ /d/ /g/ /v/ /ð/ /z/ /?/ /r/ /d?/ /dz/ /dr/ /j/ /w/ /m/ /n/ /?/ /l/ ); (2). 根據(jù)發(fā)音部位的不同可分為唇音(bilabials：[p] [b] [m] [w]); 唇齒音 (labiodentals：[f]和[v]);齒間音(interdentals：[θ]和[ð]);齒齦音(alveolars：[t] [d] [s] [z] [l] [r] [n]);硬腭音 (palatals：[∫] [з] [t∫] [dз] [j]);軟腭音(velars:[k] [ɡ] [?])喉音(glottal：[h]);(3). 根據(jù)發(fā)音方式的不同，英語(yǔ)的輔音可以分為爆破(plosive consonants, stops)，如[p] [b] [t] [d] [k] [ɡ], 摩擦(fricatives)：[f] [v][ θ] [ð] [s] [z] [∫] [з] [h]; 破擦音(affricates)：[t∫] [dз]; 流音(liquids)：[l] [r]; 半元音，滑音(glides：[j] [w]);鼻音(nasals: [m] [n] [?]);

其次就單詞重音而言;

(1)單音節(jié)單詞都需要重讀，無(wú)需標(biāo)注重音符號(hào)‘，如dog [d?ɡ] 、bang [bæ?]等;

(2)雙音節(jié)詞一般在第一個(gè)音重讀，如letter['let?]、origin['?r?d??n]; 動(dòng)詞靠第二如forget[f?'get];形、副、名后綴，地位比較低如helpful ['h?lpfl]，quickly ['kw?kli], phyisician [f?'z???n];既動(dòng)又形名，規(guī)律照適應(yīng)，如record做名詞形容詞時(shí)為[ ?r?k?d]，作動(dòng)詞時(shí)為[r??k?rd];

(3)多音節(jié)單詞一般倒數(shù)第三個(gè)音節(jié)為重音，如difficult['d?f?k?lt]; 有一些雙音節(jié)詞，加了前綴和后綴成了多音節(jié)，但這些詞按原來(lái)詞根的重音讀音， es'tablishment [?'stæbl??m?nt];詞尾有-eous, -grahpy, -ial, -ian, -ic, -ics, -ience, ient, -ify, -ion, -ious, -ity, -ive 后綴的詞，重音在這些后綴的前一個(gè)音節(jié)上，如originality [?,r?d??'næl?t?]; 另外詞尾有-ee, -eer, -ese, -ette后綴的詞，重音在該后綴上，而且有一個(gè)次重音，次重音一般在主重音前第二個(gè)音節(jié)上，如Japanese [,d?æp?'niz]等。

就句子中單詞重音而言，遵循以下原則：實(shí)詞重讀(副詞重讀)，虛詞輕讀(冠詞，單音節(jié)介詞，單音節(jié)連詞，人稱代詞，反代詞，物主代詞，關(guān)系代詞，相互代詞，助動(dòng)詞，情態(tài)動(dòng)詞和系動(dòng)詞be;然后在下列情況下實(shí)詞不重讀，如

a)實(shí)詞第二次出現(xiàn)He thinks of that as a child thinks.

b)一個(gè)名詞被第二個(gè)名詞修 I met her in the railway station.

c)代替詞Which book do you want? The small one.

d)感嘆詞中的what和how What a good day it is! How beautiful she is!

e) this在這些短語(yǔ)中，this morning/afternoon/evening

虛詞重讀的特殊情況

a)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，助動(dòng)詞和系動(dòng)詞be在句首，句尾和否定時(shí)。

Do you like it? Yes, I do. Are you a doctor? Yes, I am.

b)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表示可能，驚奇和肯定時(shí)。

They may come this evening. Can it be five already?

c)介詞在句首和句尾。In the box, he found a letter.

d)引導(dǎo)復(fù)合句的連詞在句首。 If you wish, I'll visit you.

When he comes, I'll tell him.

e)反身代詞表示強(qiáng)調(diào)。He couldn't come himself.

綜上可知，語(yǔ)音學(xué)是資格證語(yǔ)言學(xué)的必考點(diǎn)，其考點(diǎn)細(xì)、具體、靈活，需要考生完全理解其知識(shí)點(diǎn)，能夠靈活應(yīng)用理論知識(shí)解決具體問(wèn)題，做到融會(huì)貫通;

③音系學(xué)。音系學(xué)研究的是某一特定語(yǔ)言的語(yǔ)音體系，即音在特定的語(yǔ)言中是如何結(jié)合產(chǎn)生有意義的單位來(lái)進(jìn)行交際。音系學(xué)相關(guān)知識(shí)也是語(yǔ)言學(xué)常識(shí)的一個(gè)高頻考點(diǎn)，往年出現(xiàn)試題如下：

Which of the following consonant clusters may NOT serve as the beginning of a word?___D____

A. /spr/ B. /skw/

C. /str/ D. /swt/

The phrase “in bed” is pronounced as __B__ in real speech.

A. /in’bed/ B. /im’bed/

C. /’inb?d/ D./’imb?d/

The phoneme /n/ in the first word of all the following phrases changes to /m/ EXCEPT .

A. open book B. open marker

C. brown paper D. brown hat

相較語(yǔ)音學(xué)，音系學(xué)知識(shí)點(diǎn)的識(shí)記繁瑣程度要低，考生們只要能記住其相關(guān)基本概念即可，具體羅列如下：

音位對(duì)立(Phonemic contrast):如果兩個(gè)音位(phonemes)可以出現(xiàn)在相同的語(yǔ)音環(huán)境中，且具有區(qū)別語(yǔ)義的功能，那么它們就形成了音位對(duì)立(different or distinctive phonemes are in phonemic contrast), 如tip和dip中的/t/和/d/。

互補(bǔ)分布(complementrary distribution):體現(xiàn)的是同一音位不同音位變體(allophones)從不出現(xiàn)在相同的位置上，且沒(méi)有區(qū)別意義的功能(allophones of the same phoneme are in complementary distribution. They don’t distinguish meaning. They occur in different phonetic contexts)。如top中送氣的[th]和stop中不送氣的[t]的關(guān)系是互補(bǔ)關(guān)系。[th]不能出現(xiàn)在[s]后，而[t] 也不能出現(xiàn)在詞首。

最小對(duì)立體(minimal pairs)：指的是在同一位置上只有一詞之差的一對(duì)詞(When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segement which occurs in the same place, the two sound combinations are said to form a minimal pair)。如tip/dip，pig/dig;pen/和ben.